Contents

  1. About BCcampus Open Education

  2. Preface to the original textbook, by OpenStax College

    1. About OpenStax College
    2. About OpenStax College’s Resources
    3. About Concepts of Biology
    4. About Our Team

  3. Preface to the 1st Canadian Edition

  4. TRU Ol BIOL 1113 Introduction

  5. UNIT 1. THE CELLULAR FOUNDATION OF LIFE
  6. Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology

    1. 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology

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      1. Properties of Life
      2. Levels of Organization of Living Things
      3. The Diversity of Life
      4. Branches of Biological Study
      5. Section Summary

    2. 1.2 The Process of Science

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      1. The Nature of Science
      2. Hypothesis Testing
      3. Basic and Applied Science
      4. Reporting Scientific Work
      5. Section Summary
  7. Chapter 2: Introduction to the Chemistry of Life

    1. 2.1 The Building Blocks of Molecules

      1. Atoms
      2. Chemical Bonds
      3. Section Summary

    2. 2.2 Water

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      1. Water Is Polar
      2. Water Stabilizes Temperature
      3. Water Is an Excellent Solvent
      4. Water Is Cohesive
      5. Buffers, pH, Acids, and Bases
      6. Section Summary

    3. 2.3 Biological Molecules

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      1. Carbon
      2. Carbon Bonding
      3. Carbohydrates
      4. Lipids
      5. Proteins
      6. Nucleic Acids
      7. DNA Double-Helical Structure
      8. Section Summary
  8. Chapter 3: Introduction to Cell Structure and Function

    1. 3.1 How Cells Are Studied

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      1. Microscopy
      2. Cell Theory
      3. Section Summary

    2. 3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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      1. Components of Prokaryotic Cells
      2. Eukaryotic Cells
      3. Cell Size
      4. Section Summary

    3. 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells

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      1. The Plasma Membrane
      2. The Cytoplasm
      3. The Cytoskeleton
      4. The Endomembrane System
      5. Ribosomes
      6. Mitochondria
      7. Peroxisomes
      8. Animal Cells versus Plant Cells
      9. Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
      10. Intercellular Junctions

    4. 3.4 The Cell Membrane

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      1. Fluid Mosaic Model
      2. Section Summary

    5. 3.5 Passive Transport

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      1. Selective Permeability
      2. Diffusion
      3. Facilitated transport
      4. Osmosis
      5. Tonicity
      6. Section Summary

    6. 3.6 Active Transport

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      1. Electrochemical Gradient
      2. Endocytosis
      3. Exocytosis
      4. Section Summary
  9. Chapter 4: Introduction to How Cells Obtain Energy

    1. 4.1 Energy and Metabolism

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      1. Metabolic Pathways
      2. Energy
      3. Thermodynamics
      4. Potential and Kinetic Energy
      5. Free and Activation Energy
      6. Enzymes
      7. Section Summary

    2. 4.2 Glycolysis

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      1. Electrons and Energy
      2. ATP in Living Systems
      3. Glycolysis

    3. 4.3 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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      1. The Citric Acid Cycle
      2. Oxidative Phosphorylation
      3. ATP Yield
      4. Section Summary

    4. 4.4 Fermentation

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      1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
      2. Alcohol Fermentation
      3. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
      4. Concept in Action
      5. Section Summary

    5. 4.5 Connections to Other Metabolic Pathways

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      1. Connections of Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism
      2. Connections of Proteins to Glucose Metabolism
      3. Connections of Lipids to Glucose Metabolism
      4. Evolution in Action
      5. Section Summary
  10. Chapter 5: Introduction to Photosynthesis

    1. 5.1: Overview of Photosynthesis

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      1. Solar Dependence and Food Production
      2. Biology in Action
      3. Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis
      4. The Two Parts of Photosynthesis
      5. Section Summary

    2. 5.2: The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

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      1. What Is Light Energy?
      2. Absorption of Light
      3. Understanding Pigments
      4. How Light-Dependent Reactions Work
      5. Generating an Energy Carrier: ATP
      6. Generating Another Energy Carrier: NADPH
      7. Section Summary

    3. 5.3: The Calvin Cycle

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      1. The Interworkings of the Calvin Cycle
      2. Photosynthesis in Prokaryotes
      3. The Energy Cycle
      4. Section Summary
  11. UNIT 2: CELL DIVISION AND GENETICS
  12. Chapter 6: Introduction to Reproduction at the Cellular Level

    1. 6.1 The Genome

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      1. Genomic DNA
      2. Section Summary

    2. 6.2 The Cell Cycle

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      1. Interphase
      2. The Mitotic Phase
      3. G0 Phase
      4. Regulation at Internal Checkpoints
      5. Section Summary

    3. 6.3 Cancer and the Cell Cycle

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      1. Proto-oncogenes
      2. Tumor Suppressor Genes
      3. Section Summary

    4. 6.4 Prokaryotic Cell Division

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      1. Binary Fission
      2. Section Summary
  13. Chapter 7: Introduction to the Cellular Basis of Inheritance

    1. 7.1 Sexual Reproduction

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      1. Life Cycles of Sexually Reproducing Organisms
      2. Section Summary

    2. 7.2 Meiosis

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      1. Interphase
      2. Meiosis I
      3. Meiosis II
      4. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
      5. Section Summary

    3. 7.3 Errors in Meiosis

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      1. Disorders in Chromosome Number
      2. Chromosome Structural Rearrangements
      3. Section Summary
  14. Chapter 8: Introduction to Patterns of Inheritance

    1. 8.1 Mendel’s Experiments

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      1. Mendel’s Crosses
      2. Garden Pea Characteristics Revealed the Basics of Heredity
      3. Section Summary

    2. 8.2 Laws of Inheritance

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      1. Phenotypes and Genotypes
      2. Monohybrid Cross and the Punnett Square
      3. Law of Segregation
      4. Law of Independent Assortment
      5. Probability Basics
      6. Section Summary

    3. 8.3 Extensions of the Laws of Inheritance

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      1. Alternatives to Dominance and Recessiveness
      2. Epistasis
      3. Section Summary
  15. UNIT 3: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
  16. Chapter 9: Introduction to Molecular Biology

    1. 9.1 The Structure of DNA

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      1. The Structure of RNA
      2. How DNA Is Arranged in the Cell
      3. Section Summary

    2. 9.2 DNA Replication

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      1. DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
      2. DNA Repair
      3. Section Summary

    3. 9.3 Transcription

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      1. The Central Dogma: DNA Encodes RNA; RNA Encodes Protein
      2. Transcription: from DNA to mRNA
      3. Eukaryotic RNA Processing
      4. Section Summary

    4. 9.4 Translation

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      1. The Protein Synthesis Machinery
      2. The Genetic Code
      3. The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
      4. Section Summary

    5. 9.5 How Genes Are Regulated

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      1. Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression
      2. Section Summary
  17. Chapter 10: Introduction to Biotechnology

    1. 10.1 Cloning and Genetic Engineering

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      1. Manipulating Genetic Material
      2. Cloning
      3. Genetic Engineering
      4. Section Summary

    2. 10.2 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture

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      1. Genetic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy
      2. Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones
      3. Transgenic Animals
      4. Transgenic Plants
      5. Section Summary

    3. 10.3 Genomics and Proteomics

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      1. Mapping Genomes
      2. Whole Genome Sequencing
      3. Applying Genomics
      4. Section Summary
  18. UNIT 4: ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
  19. Chapter 11: Introduction to the Body’s Systems

    1. 11.1 Homeostasis and Osmoregulation

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      1. Homeostasis
      2. Thermoregulation
      3. Osmoregulation
      4. Section Summary

    2. 11.2 Digestive System

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      1. The Human Digestive System
      2. Nutrition
      3. Section Summary

    3. 11.3 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

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      1. The Respiratory System (Basic level)
      2. Systems of Gas Exchange
      3. The Circulatory System
      4. The Heart
      5. The Cardiac Cycle
      6. Blood Vessels
      7. Section Summary

    4. 11.4 Endocrine System

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      1. Hormones
      2. How Hormones Work
      3. Endocrine Glands
      4. Regulation of Hormone Production

    5. 11.5 Musculoskeletal System

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      1. Skeletal System
      2. Joints and Skeletal Movement
      3. Muscles
      4. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Structure and Function
      5. Section Summary

    6. 11.6 Nervous System

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      1. Neurons and Glial Cells
      2. Biology in Action
      3. How Neurons Communicate
      4. The Central Nervous System
      5. The Brain
      6. Spinal cord
      7. The Peripheral Nervous System
      8. Section Summary
  20. Chapter 12: Introduction to the Immune System and Disease

    1. 12.1 Viruses

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      1. How Viruses Replicate
      2. Viruses and Disease
      3. Section Summary

    2. 12.2 Innate Immunity

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      1. External and Chemical Barriers
      2. Internal Defenses
      3. Section Summary

    3. 12.3 Adaptive Immunity

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      1. B and T Cells
      2. Humoral Immune Response
      3. Cell-Mediated Immunity
      4. Immunological Memory
      5. The Lymphatic System
      6. Mucosal Immune System
      7. Immune Tolerance
      8. Section Summary

    4. 12.4 Disruptions in the Immune System

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      1. Immunodeficiency
      2. Hypersensitivities
      3. Section Summary
  21. Chapter 13: Introduction to Animal Reproduction and Development

    1. 13.1 How Animals Reproduce

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      1. Asexual Reproduction
      2. Sexual Reproduction
      3. Sex Determination
      4. Fertilization
      5. External Fertilization
      6. Section Summary

    2. 13.2 Development and Organogenesis

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      1. Early Embryonic Development
      2. Section Summary

    3. 13.3 Human Reproduction

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      1. Human Reproductive Anatomy
      2. Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis)
      3. Hormonal Control of Reproduction
      4. Female Hormones
      5. Gestation
      6. Section Summary
  22. Chapter 14. The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function

    1. 14.1 Animal Form and Function

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    2. 14.2 Animal Primary Tissues

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    3. 14.3 Homeostasis

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  23. Chapter 15. Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System

    1. 15.1 Digestive Systems

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    2. 15.2 Nutrition and Energy Production

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    3. 15.3 Digestive System Processes

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    4. 15.4 Digestive System Regulation

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  24. Chapter 16. The Nervous System

    1. 16.1 Neurons and Glial Cells

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    2. 16.2 How Neurons Communicate

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    3. 16.3 The Central Nervous System

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    4. 16.4 The Peripheral Nervous System

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    5. 16.5 Nervous System Disorders

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  25. Chapter 17. Sensory Systems

    1. 17.1 Sensory Processes

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    2. 17.2 Somatosensation

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    3. 17.3 Taste and Smell

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    4. 17.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation

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    5. 17.5 Vision

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  26. Chapter 18. The Endocrine System

    1. 18.1 Types of Hormones

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    2. 18.2 How Hormones Work

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    3. 18.3 Regulation of Body Processes

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    4. 18.4 Regulation of Hormone Production

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    5. 18.5 Endocrine Glands

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  27. Chapter 19. The Musculoskeletal System

    1. 19.1 Types of Skeletal Systems

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    2. 19.2 Bone

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    3. 19.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement

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    4. 19.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion

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  28. Chapter 20. The Respiratory System

    1. 20.1 Systems of Gas Exchange

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    2. 20.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces

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    3. 20.3 Breathing

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    4. 20.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids

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  29. Chapter 21. The Circulatory System

    1. 21.1. Overview of the Circulatory System

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    2. 21.2. Components of the Blood

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    3. 21.3. Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels

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    4. 21.4. Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation

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  30. Chapter 22. Osmotic Regulation and Excretion

    1. 22.1. Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance

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    2. 22.2. The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs

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    3. 22.3. Excretion Systems

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    4. 22.4. Nitrogenous Wastes

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    5. 22.5. Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions

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  31. Chapter 23. The Immune System

    1. 23.1. Innate Immune Response

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    2. 23.2. Adaptive Immune Response

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    3. 23.3. Antibodies

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    4. 23.4. Disruptions in the Immune System

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  32. Chapter 24. Animal Reproduction and Development

    1. 24.1. Reproduction Methods

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    2. 24.2. Fertilization

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    3. 24.3. Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis

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    4. 24.4. Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction

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    5. 24.5. Human Pregnancy and Birth

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    6. 24.6. Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development

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    7. 24.7. Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation

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  33. Appendix

    1. Periodic Table of the Elements
    2. Geological Time Clock
    3. Geological Time Chart
    4. Measurements and the Metric System

  34. PowerPoints

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  35. About the Authors

  36. Versioning History